一、引言

　　1. Introduction

　　在全球“双碳”战略加速推进与能源结构深度变革的背景下，造纸行业作为传统高耗能产业，正面临减排压力与资源化转型的双重挑战。午夜黄色视频在线观看作为制浆废水厌氧处理的副产物，其热值潜力与碳中性特征使之成为造纸企业绿色转型的关键突破口。然而，当前行业普遍存在的午夜黄色视频在线观看利用率低（不足60%）、能源转化模式粗放等问题，严重制约了其经济与环境价值的释放。从我自己的实践出发，原来采用的是午夜黄色视频在线观看掺烧工艺，2023年4月，午夜黄色视频开始调研，本着“多能互补”系统思维，以午夜黄色视频在线观看资源高效利用为核心，深度解构午夜黄色视频在线观看提纯、热电联产、生物天然气制备等技术的协同创新路径。通过对比分析锅炉掺烧、午夜黄色视频在线观看发电、提纯制气三大模式的能效表现与经济性，结合太阳纸业企业的实证数据，得出结论：午夜黄色视频在线观看提纯技术可以通过能源品位升级（甲烷浓度>95%）、碳资产增值（CCER开发）和多元化消纳场景（车用燃气/工业燃料）构建复合价值网络，实现最好的经济效益。

　　Against the backdrop of accelerated global "dual carbon" strategy and deep transformation of energy structure, the paper industry, as a traditional high energy consuming industry, is facing dual challenges of emission reduction pressure and resource transformation. Biogas, as a byproduct of anaerobic treatment of pulp wastewater, has the potential for calorific value and carbon neutrality, making it a key breakthrough for the green transformation of papermaking enterprises. However, the common problems in the current industry, such as low utilization rate of biogas (less than 60%) and extensive energy conversion mode, seriously restrict the release of its economic and environmental value. Starting from my own practice, we originally used the biogas co firing process. In April 2023, we began to investigate and, based on the "multi energy complementarity" system thinking, with the efficient utilization of biogas resources as the core, deeply deconstructed the collaborative innovation path of technologies such as biogas purification, cogeneration, and biogas production. By comparing and analyzing the energy efficiency performance and economy of the three major modes of boiler co firing, biogas power generation, and purified gas production, combined with empirical data from Sun Paper Industry, it is concluded that biogas purification technology can construct a composite value network through energy grade upgrading (methane concentration>95%), carbon asset appreciation (CCER development), and diversified consumption scenarioses (vehicle gas/industrial fuel), achieving the best economic benefits.

　　二、午夜黄色视频在线观看特性概述2.1午夜黄色视频在线观看来源--厌氧处理工艺链（1）目前造纸废水处理流程：初沉池→调节池→UASB/IC反应器→好氧处理，其中UASB反应器产气占比达70%以上；（2）造纸污泥的协同处理：造纸污泥（含纤维残渣）经中温（35-37℃）消化，产气周期15-20天，VS（挥发性固体）降解率与产气量呈正相关（VS每增加1%，产气量提升0.5m/t）；（3）原料差异性影响：废纸制浆午夜黄色视频在线观看含硫量高（HS>1500ppm），原生浆午夜黄色视频在线观看硫含量低（HS<800ppm）；非木浆（如竹浆）午夜黄色视频在线观看甲烷含量较木浆低3-5个百分点。2.2午夜黄色视频在线观看成分与热值的动态分析（1）硫化氢处理必要性：HS浓度>200ppm时，燃气设备腐蚀速率加快3倍（参考《燃气轮机腐蚀控制标准GB/T 14090》）；脱硫成本占比：生物脱硫法0.1-0.2元/m，化学吸收法0.3-0.5元/m；（2）热值波动管理：甲烷浓度每下降5%，锅炉热效率降低2%；典型热值应用场景：发电需>22MJ/m，车用燃气需>31MJ/m（需提纯至CH>90%）。2.3体量测算模型（1）产气量计算公式：Q =k×COD负荷×η×R其中： k：产气系数（0.35-0.45m/kg COD）     η：COD去除率（85-95%）；     R：运行稳定性系数（0.8-0.95）；（2）午夜黄色视频在线观看利用规模经济阈值：提纯项目盈亏平衡点：午夜黄色视频在线观看量≥1500m/d；发电项目经济性拐点：设备利用率>75%（年运行6500小时）。

　　2、 Overview of Biogas Characteristics 2.1 Biogas Source - Anaerobic Treatment Process Chain (1) Currently, the papermaking wastewater treatment process includes: primary sedimentation tank → regulating tank → UASB/IC reactor → aerobic treatment, with UASB reactor producing more than 70% of the gas; (2) Collaborative treatment of papermaking sludge: papermaking sludge (including fiber residue) is digested at medium temperature (35-37 ℃), with a gas production cycle of 15-20 days. The degradation rate of volatile solids (VS) is positively correlated with gas production (for every 1% increase in VS, the gas production increases by 0.5m/t); (3) The impact of differences in raw materials: the sulfur content of waste paper pulp biogas is high (HS>1500ppm), while the sulfur content of primary pulp biogas is low (HS<800ppm); The methane content of non wood pulp (such as bamboo pulp) biogas is 3-5 percentage points lower than that of wood pulp. 2.2 Dynamic analysis of biogas composition and calorific value (1) Necessity of hydrogen sulfide treatment: When the HS concentration is greater than 200ppm, the corrosion rate of gas equipment accelerates by three times (refer to the "Gas Turbine Corrosion Control Standard GB/T 14090"); Cost proportion of desulfurization: 0.1-0.2 yuan/m for biological desulfurization method, 0.3-0.5 yuan/m for chemical absorption method; (2) Heat value fluctuation management: for every 5% decrease in methane concentration, the boiler thermal efficiency decreases by 2%; Typical application scenarioses for calorific value: power generation requires>22MJ/m, and automotive gas requires>31MJ/m (purified to CH>90%). 2.3 Volume Calculation Model (1) Gas Production Calculation Formula: Q=k × COD Load × η × R, where k: Gas Production Coefficient (0.35-0.45m/kg COD) η: COD Removal Rate (85-95%); R: Operating stability coefficient (0.8-0.95); (2) Scale economy threshold for biogas utilization: breakeven point for purification projects: biogas volume ≥ 1500m/d; Economic turning point of power generation projects: equipment utilization rate>75% (annual operation of 6500 hours).

　　三、午夜黄色视频在线观看利用模式分析3.1自备热电厂锅炉掺烧模式掺烧模式是目前最普遍的午夜黄色视频在线观看利用模式，通过污水厂厌氧塔的午夜黄色视频在线观看稳压罐及后面的风机，通过管道送到电厂的分气缸，然后通过燃烧器后进入锅炉的燃烧系统。此模式的关键问题点我认为有两处：一是掺烧午夜黄色视频在线观看虽然投资小、系统简单，但是其在锅炉内部的掺烧对锅炉产生氮氧化物有很大影响，通过我实际的情况来看，一旦投入掺烧系统，脱硝用氨水量马上增加。如果有两个午夜黄色视频在线观看燃烧器运行，就相当于增加了两个燃烧源，大大影响锅炉氮氧化物的产生量。二是午夜黄色视频在线观看热值高，但是进入炉膛后，实际产生的热效率的大小需要试验确认，也就是说，其产生的热效率并不等于锅炉热效率。午夜黄色视频在线观看在燃煤锅炉内燃烧充分，但是到尾部换热却不能完全完成。午夜黄色视频组织了试验，午夜黄色视频在线观看投入锅炉，稳定燃烧后，在尾部烟气处测量组份，没有可燃元素，那就说明午夜黄色视频在线观看的燃尽率是100%；但同时发现锅炉的排烟温度马上上升，排烟热损失增加，说明在锅炉内午夜黄色视频在线观看燃烧热效率是低于煤炭燃烧热效率的。下面是实际的简单试验的结果：（1）午夜黄色视频在线观看输入热量：Q1=单位小时午夜黄色视频在线观看掺烧量*午夜黄色视频在线观看低位发热量=1400m3*24.4mj/m3=81.58万大卡；（2）排烟热损失：Q2=12.8万大卡（3）午夜黄色视频在线观看燃烧热效率计算：η=1-Q/Q1=77.6%在午夜黄色视频这台特定锅炉中掺烧，午夜黄色视频在线观看在锅炉实际热效率为77.6%。如果5000大卡煤炭价格为800元，那一立方午夜黄色视频在线观看的经济价值是：24.4/4.1868/5000*800*0.77=0.72元。另外，需要提醒的是：“碳减排盲区”：掺烧模式因无法精确计量午夜黄色视频在线观看替代率，导致CCER（国家核证自愿减排量）开发难度大。3.2午夜黄色视频在线观看发电模式考虑到现在企业经济情况不景气，午夜黄色视频开始的项目原则就定位为“乙方投资，乙方运维”的模式，午夜黄色视频把午夜黄色视频在线观看交于对方，对方提供电力和低压工业用蒸汽给我方。

　　3、 Analysis of Biogas Utilization Mode 3.1 Co firing Mode of Self provided Thermal Power Plant Boiler Co firing Mode is currently the most common biogas utilization mode. It is sent through the biogas stabilizing tank of the anaerobic tower in the sewage plant and the fan behind it, through pipelines to the power plant's gas separation cylinder, and then enters the combustion system of the boiler after passing through the burner. I think there are two key issues with this model: firstly, although the investment in co firing biogas is small and the system is simple, its co firing inside the boiler has a significant impact on the production of nitrogen oxides. Based on my actual situation, once the co firing system is put into use, the amount of ammonia water used for denitrification immediately increases. If there are two biogas burners running, it is equivalent to adding two combustion sources, greatly affecting the production of nitrogen oxides in the boiler. The second reason is that biogas has a high calorific value, but the actual thermal efficiency generated after entering the furnace needs to be confirmed through experiments, which means that the thermal efficiency generated does not equal the boiler thermal efficiency. Biogas is fully burned in coal-fired boilers, but the heat exchange at the tail cannot be fully completed. We organized an experiment and put biogas into the boiler. After stable combustion, the composition was measured at the tail flue gas. If there were no combustible elements, it means that the combustion rate of biogas is 100%; But at the same time, it was found that the exhaust temperature of the boiler immediately increased, and the exhaust heat loss increased, indicating that the thermal efficiency of biogas combustion in the boiler is lower than that of coal combustion. The following are the results of a simple experiment: (1) Input heat of biogas: Q1=unit hour biogas co firing amount * biogas low-level heat generation=1400m3 * 24.4mj/m3=815800 kcal; (2) Smoke exhaust heat loss: Q2=128000 kcal (3) Calculation of biogas combustion thermal efficiency: η=1-Q/Q1=77.6%. In our specific boiler, the actual thermal efficiency of biogas in the boiler is 77.6%. If the price of 5000 kcal coal is 800 yuan, the economic value of one cubic meter of biogas is 24.4/4.1868/5000 * 800 * 0.77=0.72 yuan. In addition, it should be noted that there is a "carbon emission reduction blind spot": the co firing mode is difficult to develop due to the inability to accurately measure the biogas substitution rate, making CCER (National Certified Voluntary Emission Reduction) challenging. 3.2 Biogas Power Generation Mode Considering the current economic downturn of the enterprise, our initial project principle is positioned as a "Party B investment, Party B operation and maintenance" model. We hand over the biogas to the other party, who provides us with electricity and low-pressure industrial steam.

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